Kamis, 12 November 2015
Sabtu, 04 April 2015
= Islam, the world's fastest-growing faith * * *
Islam, the world's fastest-growing faith
(01). The world's fastest-growing religion is ...
http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/02/living/pew-study-religion/.
(02). Islam to grow fastest among major faiths worldwide in the next 4 decades, report says
http://www.usnews.com/news/us/articles/2015/04/02/report-islam-fastest-growing-major-faith-in-coming-decades.
(03).Islam Will Be Fastest-Growing Major Religion in Coming Decades: Report
http://www.nbcnews.com/news/religion/islam-fastest-growing-major-religion-coming-decades-report-n334986.
(04).Report: Islam fastest-growing major faith in coming decades
http://www.aol.com/article/2015/04/02/report-islam-fastest-growing-major-faith-in-coming-decades/21160720/.
(05).The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010-2050
http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projections-2010-2050/.
Minggu, 22 Maret 2015
Kamis, 19 Februari 2015
Rabu, 18 Februari 2015
Sabtu, 14 Februari 2015
Kamis, 12 Februari 2015
Rabu, 11 Februari 2015
Senin, 09 Februari 2015
Sabtu, 07 Februari 2015
Jumat, 06 Februari 2015
Kamis, 05 Februari 2015
Rabu, 04 Februari 2015
Minggu, 01 Februari 2015
= FB
Muslims At Work
Society/Culture Website
https://www.facebook.com/pages/Muslims-At-Work/664559853653610
USA Muslim's
https://www.facebook.com/pages/USA-Muslims/752487511486574
Sabtu, 31 Januari 2015
= Islamic Forum of Europe Join us every Friday 7.15pm at the East London Mosque.
Islamic Forum of Europe
Join us every Friday 7.15pm at the East London Mosque.
Jumat, 30 Januari 2015
Kamis, 29 Januari 2015
Senin, 26 Januari 2015
Minggu, 25 Januari 2015
=Islam in Europe Kosovo, Prishtine. World Bulletin
Islam in Europe Kosovo, Prishtine. World Bulletin
Kamis, 22 Januari 2015
Selasa, 20 Januari 2015
Jumat, 16 Januari 2015
= Thousands join rally against Islamophobia in Germany
http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/World/2015/Jan-13/283971-thousands-join-rally-against-islamophobia-in-germany.ashx
gence France Presse
Berlin: Thousands of people joined German political and religious leaders at a Muslim community rally against Islamophobia on Tuesday.
Speakers at Berlin's Brandenburg Gate remembered the victims of the Paris jihadist attacks last week and called for religious tolerance and unity.
Chancellor Angela Merkel and half of her cabinet were among the guests at a wreath-laying ceremony outside the French embassy and listened as an iman recited Koranic verses condemning the taking of life.
Rabu, 14 Januari 2015
= Prof. Abdul Majid Department of Zoology,
Healing Power of Faith & Prayer
Religious & Scientific Perspectives
Prof. Abdul Majid Department of Zoology,
Government Postgraduate College,
Mansehra, Pakistan.
Many modern psychologists like Jung, Brill, Link, Borgin, Loewanthal, Worthington, etc; acknowledge the fact that a person having a strong belief and practicing religion can better cope with psychological disorders than the one who does not practice religion. (16)
http://www.irfi.org/articles4/articles_5001_6000/healing%20power%20of%20faith%20and%20prayerhtml.htm
Senin, 12 Januari 2015
Minggu, 11 Januari 2015
Sabtu, 10 Januari 2015
= Muslims of America
Selasa, 06 Januari 2015
= How To Make An Easy Organic Garden Soil
http://wholelifestylenutrition.com/gardening/make-easy-organic-garden-soil/
Why You Should Make Your Own Organic Soil?
Many people think that you can fill a raised bed with straight up dirt, or compost. Sure you could do this, but you don’t have the necessary ingredients in the soil to nourish your plants, retain moisture and to allow for proper drainage.
The recipe I am sharing today is the ONLY recipe that I have ever used and I have been very successful with my gardens!
All the essential nutrients are in the soil recipe and you most likely will never need to feed your plants or fertilize them because all the nutrients are right in the soil. Pretty cool right? In addition to this, I rarely have any problems with pest or any diseases harming the plants.
So yes, I will say up front that there are a few extra steps in creating the perfect soil, but it is worth the effort! Once you create this soil, your plants will do amazing and there will be very little maintenance to keeping this soil for years to come.
The Art of Gardening and Square Foot Gardening
So as I stated above, I have always used this recipe for garden soil in my gardens. It has never failed me so why change it right. I adapted this recipe slightly from the Mel Bartholomew book:
All New Square Foot Gardening
If you do not have this book, I highly recommend it! It is hands down one of the best gardening book that I have ever bought!
The Ultimate Bundle ~ A Great Garden Resource
In addition to this book, I also learned so much from The Art of Gardening: Building Your Soil. This book taught me a whole lot about soil and how it is the KEY to a successful garden!
I strongly believe that a quality soil recipe makes all the difference in a garden. Lets figure out how much soil you will need for your garden beds.
How Much Organic Garden Soil Do I Need To Make?
The first step is to figure out how much garden soil you need for your raised bed. You can easily calculate your soil needs with a soil calculator here:
Calculate Your Soil Needs With a Soil Calculator
Remember, compost, peat moss and vermiculite (the 3 components of this recipe) are measured in cubic feet or cubic yards, so you will be given both of those numbers with the calculations.
In my example (shown below), I am calculating a 4’x4′ (or 48″x48″) raised bed that is 6″ deep.
As you can see in the picture above, for my 4’x4′ bed that is 6″ deep, I will need 8 cubic feet of soil. The number below that (cubic yards) is usually beneficial for filling larger beds and for buying soil for bulk delivery.
So now we know how much soil we need to fill this raised bed. We will need this information for the recipe.
How To Make Organic Garden Soil For Raised Beds
There are 3 components that make up good soil. In the picture below you can see the differences of the 3 ingredients.
For this recipe you will need the following:
1/3 peat moss (measured by cubic ft or cubic yd) ~ Peat moss helps lighten the soil up a bit and makes the soil more water retentive. Compost can be very dense and by adding peat moss, you lighten up the density which helps the root systems of the plants to grow more evenly throughout the soil. This is instrumental in creating a healthy plant.
1/3 coarse vermiculite (measured by cubic ft or cubic yd) ~ Vermiculite is mica rocks that have been minded out of the ground and then have been heated to explode into very little pieces. These little rocks have a lot of nooks and crannies where the water can be absorbed. It also allows the soil to drain properly and is very important to include in this soil. If you can not find vermiculite, you can use perlite, but I prefer vermiculite…it is a much better product to work with. *(See additional note below)
1/3 compost (measured by cubic ft or cubic yd)~ Compost provides the essential nutrients for your plants to grow and flourish. Compost is food for your plants. We buy ours from a local source in bulk, it is so much cheaper. We got a whole pick up truck full for right around $40! Compost is expensive by the bag, so if you are filling a large bed, or even a smaller bed, it is wise to buy it from a local source.
*Note ~ Because I know it will be brought up, I am going to mention that many years ago there was a plant in Montana that was shut down because their vermiculite had traces of asbestos. Now this is very serious, yes and every now and then the story pops up again, like it is new and just happened. This was a very serious situation indeed, but as a result vermiculite is screened for asbestos and is monitored on every level and also has a asbestos free stamp on the bags. It is safe to use.
Back To Our Example Project
So lets use my example above to show you how this works. I needed 8 cubic feet of soil as shown in the soil calculator above. 8 cubic feet divided by 3 (we need 1/3 of each for the recipe) will give us 2.66 cubic feet of each.
So we will need for my example:
2.66 cubic ft peat moss
2.66 cubic ft vermiculite
2.66 cubic ft compost
Now follow the 3 easy steps below and you now know how to make garden soil for raised beds! Keep in mind that it doesn’t have to be exact measurements, just eyeball it.
Now follow these easy 3 steps
Now that you have all the ingredients, follow these 3 easy steps and you will know how to make garden soil for raised beds!
Put your 3 components into a tarp and mix them together really well with a rake or shovel. You might want to wear a mask because the vermiculite and peat moss can be dusty, and it is best to wear a mask. Once everything is well mixed, shovel the mixture into your raised bed.
Next step is to water your new garden soil. Do not skip this step. This can be dusty and this will help eliminate the dust and weigh the soil down a bit.
The final step is to allow the soil to settle for 2 weeks. The soil will settle about 1-2 inches below where you originally piled the soil in so be sure to add a little extra to compensate for settling.
What If You Bought In Bulk & Can’t Measure Your Soil?
So as I mentioned above, I buy my compost in bulk and use it throughout the season. If you bought your compost in bulk and are unable to measure it by cubic feet or cubic yards, you can measure your formula this way.
3 parts compost
1 part peat moss
1 part vermiculite
Remember, compost is very heavy and weighs differently in volume, so this is why the formula is different. If you are able, it is best to follow the recipe by cubic feet or cubic yards, but if you can not, then follow this method.
I just used a large green bucket and filled it up 3 times with compost, poured it into my raised bed, and then added 1 large green bucket of peat moss and 1 large green bucket of vermiculite. Then I just mixed it up right in my raised bed. Worked beautifully!
Here Is The Finished Product
Here is what my 4’x4′ square foot gardening bed looks like when it is done and ready to go! I had a few plants already growing when I shot this photo, but you can get an idea what it looks like with the soil in the bed.
source :
Muslim Urban Farmers
Sabtu, 03 Januari 2015
Kamis, 01 Januari 2015
= Surah Qaf
Surah Qaf
In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful
Qaf. By the glorious Qur'an, (1) Nay, but they marvel that a warner of their own hath come unto them; and the disbelievers say: This is a strange thing: (2) When we are dead and have become dust (shall we be brought back again)? That would be a far return! (3) We know that which the earth taketh of them, and with Us is a recording Book. (4) Nay, but they have denied the truth when it came unto them, therefor they are now in troubled case. (5) Have they not then observed the sky above them, how We have constructed it and beautified it, and how there are no rifts therein? (6) And the earth have We spread out, and have flung firm hills therein, and have caused of every lovely kind to grow thereon, (7) A vision and a reminder for every penitent slave. (8) And We send down from the sky blessed water whereby We give growth unto gardens and the grain of crops, (9) And lofty date-palms with ranged clusters, (10) Provision (made) for men; and therewith We quicken a dead land. Even so will be the resurrection of the dead. (11) The folk of Noah denied (the truth) before them, and (so did) the dwellers at Ar-Rass and (the tribe of) Thamud, (12) And (the tribe of) A'ad, and Pharaoh, and the brethren of Lot, (13) And the dwellers in the wood, and the folk of Tubb'a: every one denied their messengers, therefor My threat took effect. (14) Were We then worn out by the first creation? Yet they are in doubt about a new creation. (15) We verily created man and We know what his soul whispereth to him, and We are nearer to him than his jugular vein. (16) When the two Receivers receive (him), seated on the right hand and on the left, (17) He uttereth no word but there is with him an observer ready. (18) And the agony of death cometh in truth. (And it is said unto him): This is that which thou wast wont to shun. (19) And the trumpet is blown. This is the threatened Day. (20) And every soul cometh, along with it a driver and a witness. (21) (And unto the evil-doer it is said): Thou wast in heedlessness of this. Now We have removed from thee thy covering, and piercing is thy sight this day. (22) And (unto the evil-doer) his comrade saith: This is that which I have ready (as testimony). (23) (And it is said): Do ye twain hurl to hell each rebel ingrate, (24) Hinderer of good, transgressor, doubter, (25) Who setteth up another god along with Allah. Do ye twain hurl him to the dreadful doom. (26) His comrade saith: Our Lord! I did not cause him to rebel, but he was (himself) far gone in error. (27) He saith: Contend not in My presence, when I had already proffered unto you the warning. (28) The sentence that cometh from Me cannot be changed, and I am in no wise a tyrant unto the slaves. (29) On the day when We say unto hell: Art thou filled? and it saith: Can there be more to come? (30) And the Garden is brought nigh for those who kept from evil, no longer distant. (31) (And it is said): This is that which ye were promised. (It is) for every penitent and heedful one, (32) Who feareth the Beneficent in secret and cometh with a contrite heart. (33) Enter it in peace. This is the day of immortality. (34) There they have all that they desire, and there is more with Us. (35) And how many a generation We destroyed before them, who were mightier than these in prowess so that they overran the lands! Had they any place of refuge (when the judgment came)? (36) Lo! therein verily is a reminder for him who hath a heart, or giveth ear with full intelligence. (37) And verily We created the heavens and the earth, and all that is between them, in six Days, and naught of weariness touched Us. (38) Therefor (O Muhammad) bear with what they say, and hymn the praise of thy Lord before the rising and before the setting of the sun; (39) And in the night-time hymn His praise, and after the (prescribed) prostrations. (40) And listen on the day when the crier crieth from a near place, (41) The day when they will hear the (Awful) Cry in truth. That is the day of coming forth (from the graves). (42) Lo! We it is Who quicken and give death, and unto Us is the journeying. (43) On the day when the earth splitteth asunder from them, hastening forth (they come). That is a gathering easy for Us (to make). (44) We are best aware of what they say, and thou (O Muhammad) art in no wise a compeller over them. But warn by the Qur'an him who feareth My threat. (45)---
INDONESIAN LANGUAGE :
Surah QAAF
Dengan menyebut nama Allah Yang Maha Pemurah lagi Maha Penyayang
Qaaf [1] Demi Al Qur’an yang sangat mulia. (1) [Mereka tidak menerimanya] bahkan mereka tercengang karena telah datang kepada mereka seorang pemberi peringatan dari [kalangan] mereka sendiri, maka berkatalah orang-orang kafir: "Ini adalah suatu yang amat ajaib". (2) Apakah kami setelah mati dan setelah menjadi tanah [kami akan kembali lagi]?, itu adalah suatu pengembalian yang tidak mungkin. (3) Sesungguhnya Kami telah mengetahui apa yang dihancurkan oleh bumi dari [tubuh-tubuh] mereka, dan pada sisi Kamipun ada kitab yang memelihara [mencatat]. (4) Sebenarnya, mereka telah mendustakan kebenaran tatkala kebenaran itu datang kepada mereka, maka mereka berada dalam keadaan kacau balau. (5) Maka apakah mereka tidak melihat akan langit yang ada di atas mereka, bagaimana Kami meninggikannya dan menghiasinya dan langit itu tidak mempunyai retak-retak sedikitpun? (6) Dan Kami hamparkan bumi itu dan Kami letakkan padanya gunung-gunung yang kokoh dan Kami tumbuhkan padanya segala macam tanaman yang indah dipandang mata, (7) untuk menjadi pelajaran dan peringatan bagi tiap-tiap hamba yang kembali [mengingat Allah]. (8) Dan Kami turunkan dari langit air yang banyak manfa’atnya lalu Kami tumbuhkan dengan air itu pohon-pohon dan biji-biji tanaman yang diketam, (9) dan pohon kurma yang tinggi-tinggi yang mempunyai mayang yang bersusun-susun, (10) untuk menjadi rezki bagi hamba-hamba [Kami], dan Kami hidupkan dengan air itu tanah yang mati [kering]. Seperti itulah terjadinya kebangkitan. (11) Sebelum mereka telah mendustakan [pula] kaum Nuh dan penduduk Rass [2] dan Tsamud, (12) dan kaum ’Aad, kaum Fir’aun dan kaum Luth, (13) dan penduduk Aikah serta kaum Tubba’, semuanya telah mendustakan rasul-rasul maka sudah semestinyalah mereka mendapat hukuman yang sudah diancamkan. (14) Maka apakah Kami letih dengan penciptaan yang pertama? Sebenarnya mereka dalam keadaan ragu-ragu tentang penciptaan yang baru. (15) Dan sesungguhnya Kami telah menciptakan manusia dan mengetahui apa yang dibisikkan oleh hatinya, dan Kami lebih dekat kepadanya daripada urat lehernya, (16) [yaitu] ketika dua orang malaikat mencatat amal perbuatannya, seorang duduk di sebelah kanan dan yang lain duduk di sebelah kiri. (17) Tiada suatu ucapanpun yang diucapkannya melainkan ada di dekatnya malaikat pengawas yang selalu hadir. (18) Dan datanglah sakaratulmaut dengan sebenar-benarnya. Itulah yang kamu selalu lari daripadanya. (19) Dan ditiuplah sangkakala. Itulah hari terlaksananya ancaman. (20) Dan datanglah tiap-tiap diri, bersama dengan dia seorang malaikat penggiring dan seorang malaikat penyaksi. (21) Sesungguhnya kamu berada dalam keadaan lalai dari [hal] ini, maka Kami singkapkan daripadamu tutup [yang menutupi] matamu, maka penglihatanmu pada hari itu amat tajam. (22) Dan yang menyertai dia berkata: "Inilah [catatan amalnya] yang tersedia pada sisiku". (23) Allah berfirman: "Lemparkanlah olehmu berdua ke dalam neraka semua orang yang sangat ingkar dan keras kepala, (24) yang sangat enggan melakukan kebaikan, melanggar batas lagi ragu-ragu, (25) yang menyembah sembahan yang lain beserta Allah, maka lemparkanlah dia ke dalam siksaan yang sangat". (26) Yang menyertai dia [1] berkata [pula]: "Ya Tuhan kami, aku tidak menyesatkannya tetapi dialah yang berada dalam kesesatan yang jauh". (27) Allah berfirman: "Janganlah kamu bertengkar di hadapan-Ku, padahal sesungguhnya Aku dahulu telah memberikan ancaman kepadamu". (28) Keputusan di sisi-Ku tidak dapat diubah dan Aku sekali-kali tidak menganiaya hamba-hamba-Ku. (29) [Dan ingatlah akan] hari [yang pada hari itu] Kami bertanya kepada Jahannam: "Apakah kamu sudah penuh?" Dia menjawab: "Masih adakah tambahan?" (30) Dan didekatkanlah surga itu kepada orang-orang yang bertakwa pada tempat yang tiada jauh [dari mereka]. (31) Inilah yang dijanjikan kepadamu, [yaitu] kepada setiap hamba yang selalu kembali [kepada Allah] lagi memelihara [semua peraturan-peraturan-Nya]. (32) [Yaitu] orang yang takut kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Pemurah sedang Dia tidak kelihatan [olehnya] dan dia datang dengan hati yang bertaubat, (33) masukilah surga itu dengan aman, itulah hari kekekalan. (34) Mereka di dalamnya memperoleh apa yang mereka kehendaki; dan pada sisi Kami ada tambahannya. (35) Dan berapa banyaknya umat-umat yang telah Kami binasakan sebelum mereka yang mereka itu lebih besar kekuatannya daripada mereka ini, maka mereka [yang telah dibinasakan itu] telah pernah menjelajah di beberapa negeri. Adakah [mereka] mendapat tempat lari [dari kebinasaan]? (36) Sesungguhnya pada yang demikian itu benar-benar terdapat peringatan bagi orang-orang yang mempunyai hati atau yang menggunakan pendengarannya, sedang dia menyaksikannya. (37) Dan sesungguhnya telah Kami ciptakan langit dan bumi dan apa yang ada antara keduanya dalam enam hari, dan Kami sedikitpun tidak ditimpa keletihan. (38) Maka bersabarlah kamu terhadap apa yang mereka katakan dan bertasbihlah sambil memuji Tuhanmu sebelum terbit matahari dan sebelum terbenam [nya]. (39) Dan bertasbihlah kamu kepada-Nya di malam hari dan setiap selesai sembahyang. (40) Dan dengarkanlah [seruan] pada hari penyeru [malaikat] menyeru dari tempat yang dekat. (41) [Yaitu] pada hari mereka mendengar teriakan dengan sebenar-benarnya, itulah hari keluar [dari kubur]. (42) Sesungguhnya Kami menghidupkan dan mematikan dan hanya kepada Kami-lah tempat kembali [semua makhluk]. (43) [Yaitu] pada hari bumi terbelah-belah menampakkan mereka [lalu mereka keluar] dengan cepat. Yang demikian itu adalah pengumpulan yang mudah bagi Kami. (44) Kami lebih mengetahui tentang apa yang mereka katakan, dan kamu sekali-kali bukanlah seorang pemaksa terhadap mereka. Maka beri peringatanlah dengan Al Qur’an orang yang takut kepada ancaman-Ku. (45)
= Al Qur'an and Science, What are the details of the model of the universe, shaped like Torricelli's Trumpet, developed by Professor Frank Steiner?
http://www.quora.com/What-are-the-details-of-the-model-of-the-universe-shaped-like-Torricellis-Trumpet-developed-by-Professor-Frank-Steiner
What are the details of the model of the universe, shaped like Torricelli's Trumpet, developed by Professor Frank Steiner?
I have intuitive feeling that this model might be near to the reality. According to professor Frank Steiner of University of Ulm and his team, The universe is shaped like Torricelli's Trumpet.
Please give answers containing extra information not given in these articles: :
Big Bang glow hints at funnel-shaped Universea
The universe is not round, say scientists - it is shaped like a trumpet
and others that can be found easily on internet, but which merely scratch the surface. It'd be appreciated if some information is also given on how mathematical models are built.
Answers from Cosmologists are most welcome.
EDIT: I found some good relevant articles on the web related to this for further reference. Here are the links:
Do we live in a "small universe"? arxiv.org
Excerpt from: http://www.izwtalt.uni-wuppertal...
"The second place where we encounter the question of whether the infinite is found in nature is in the consideration of the universe as a whole. Here we must consider the expanse of the universe to determine whether it embraces anything infinitely large. But here again modern science, in particular astronomy, has reopened the question and is endeavoring to solve it, not by the defective means of metaphysical speculation, but by reasons which are based on experiment and on the application of the laws of nature. Here, too, serious objections against infinity have been found. Euclidean geometry necessarily leads to the postulate that space is infinite. Although euclidean geometry is indeed a consistent conceptual system, it does not thereby follow that euclidean geometry actually holds in reality. Whether or not real space is euclidean can be determined only through observation and experiment. The attempt to prove the infinity of space by pure speculation contains gross errors. From the fact that outside a certain portion of space there is always more space, it follows only that space is unbounded, not that it is infinite.
Unboundedness and finiteness are compatible. In so-called elliptical geometry, mathematical investigation furnishes the natural model of a finite universe. Today the abandonment of euclidean geometry is no longer merely a mathematical or philosophical speculation but is suggested by considerations which originally had nothing to do with the question of the finiteness of the universe. Einstein has shown that euclidean geometry must be abandoned. On the basis of his gravitational theory, he deals with cosmological questions and shows that a finite universe is possible. Moreover, all the results of astronomy are perfectly compatible with the postulate that the universe is elliptical".
"Our principal result is that the infinite is nowhere to be found in reality. It neither exists in nature nor provides a legitimate basis for rational thought… The role that remains for the infinite to play is
solely that of an idea… which transcends all experience and which completes the concrete as totality…"
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James Hollomon
James Hollomon, I spent most of my career work... (more)
6 upvotes by Peter AI, Pankaj Tripathi, Ishita Roy, (more)
We can map the past expansion rates of the Universe since the thing is a big time machine. When we look at the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation, we are seeing the remnant energy of the early Universe as it was when it was about 380,000 years old. We're peering back in time over 13.7 billion years. Look at objects 10 billion light years away, and we see them as they were 10 billion years ago. So we can observe how things were behaving step by step after the formation of the CMBR and the Type 1A supernovae of the earliest stars. By looking at the red shift of objects at varying distances, we can tell how fast galaxies were moving away 12 billion years ago, and by stepping up to 11 billion light year, then ten and so forth, we can see how that changed as time went on.
What that observation tells us is that the Universe must have gone through an incredibly rapid expansion immediately after the Big Bang. It then expanded at a slowly decreasing pace until about 7 billion years ago, at which point expansion began to accelerate again.
Watch the video at Space and Astronomy News for an explanation of how this works: http://www.universetoday.com/894...
That gives us a shape more like this:
This may be due to increasing quantum vacuum of expanding spacetime. Perhaps the particles and energy being constantly created and mostly annihilated withing the growing quantum vacuum is what contributes to the posited dark energy that drives accelerating expansion of spacetime. If that is so, then it makes sense that the early Universe's expansion would slow until it reached a tipping point 7 billion years ago where enough spacetime had been created that its increasing energy was able to overcome the pull of gravity on the very large scale.
Written 11 Dec.
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More Answers Below. Related Questions
What shape is the Universe?
Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University For Women : Which professors conduct research or do projects with students in IGDTUW?
Role Models: What well-known person inspires you the most and why?
Shivam Bajpai
Shivam Bajpai
2 upvotes by M. Esakkisiva Bala Krishnan and Sanjeev Kale.
Think of it like this.....
Take a rubber sheet and place lead ball in between. You will get curvature in that rubber sheet. Now instantly remove that lead ball or blast it off and it will remove that curvature.
Similarly because of singularity there was curvature in spacetime grid. Then due to quantum fluctuations and low entropy with huge mass in small region it went off and that curvature in grid is gone and that curvature is shown in Torricelli's trumpet at left side. So this horn shape shows that singularity and how this spacetime grid changed as per time.
Presently WMAP which encountered light from 13.8 billion years ago showed that universe is flat.
Our universe may be of different shape as who knows may be due to expansion in space at an immense rate distant light is not reaching us.
As far as mathematical models are concerned study general relativity and other fields like doppler shift, hubble law etc and you can get the idea how these models generate as these models have equation just like a circle equation or straight line equation.
I think Friedmann also got his own version of model based on mathematic equation and critical density of universe.
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